Charles Goodyear Essay -- essays research papers

Charles Goodyear was born in New Haven, Connecticut on December 29, 1800 to Amasa and Cynthia Goodyear. Charles’s father was a hardware manufacture and a merchant. Amasa Goodyear built mainly farming tools like hayforks and scythes, which he invented. When Charles was a teenager he wanted to go into the ministry and become a pastor, but his father convinced him that he was a good business man and placed him in the hardware store of the Rogers brothers in Philadelphia at the age of seventeen. He worked there until he was twenty-one years old. At that time he returned to New Haven to join his father’s business, making farm tools. For five years he worked for his father, building up the family business. On August 24, 1824, while he was still working for his father he married Clarissa Beecher who also lived in New Haven, Connecticut. In 1826 Charles Goodyear decided to move to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There he opened a hardware store where he sold the products that his f ather made. Four years after opening this store both Amasa and Charles Goodyear were bankrupt because they would extend credit to customers and the customers would never pay back the money that they owed. Charles’s health started to decline and both father and son owed tens of thousands of dollars. For the next thirty years Charles Goodyear was thrown in prison over ten times because he didn’t pay his debts. In 1834 when he was in New York, on a business trip, the Roxbury India Rubber Company caught his eye. ...

Judgement on Charles Warren and the Ripper investigation

Charles Warren became head of the Metropolitan Police when they were in dire need of help after the incident that occurred in 1886. Police officers and officials were all shaken up and the police force was a mess. When Charles Warren came into action the police force changed. Although he had several difficult and complicated problems to deal with; I think he done an outstanding job in taking control over things which proved grateful from the many men and women that commended all that he did. He received countless complimentary letters which I think says it all. He was very effective in keeping the police force calm in order to handle any problem that arose. In his compliments he received one from the Home Secretary, Commander in Chief; H. R. H, The Duke of Cambridge, The Prince of Wales and Lord Salisbury which was a huge honour for him which he so rightly deserved. On top of all the compliments he was awarded with a Knight Commandership of the Order of the Bath. He dealt with other difficulties which included burglaries, muzzling of dogs along with everything else going on which lead to the police being abused by the irritated public. Despite all of these positives, people began to criticise him in the case of Jack the Ripper, people would slate him, accuse him of things he didn’t do and generally oppose him. He was unfairly accused of not catching the murderer and frequently had to face the press with outrageous thoughts and articles which gave him a bad image. I disagree with this for he coped very well with what problems he was faced with. The case of Jack the Ripper was his most difficult case but he faced it head on and didn’t back down to defeat. I believe people could not see the inner workings to all that he did. After all the issues that he still received he resigned which left officers in dismay and disappointed for the great job that he did do. To conclude I believe that he was very effective as Head of the Metropolitan Police for all of the difficulties that he dealt with in a sensible manner which enabled the public to feel safe and the officers around him to be at ease, he improved Police investigation strategies which gave him great respect. I also think that all of the criticism he received off of the public and press he still continued to do his work and did not let things overcome him. Overall he really did help the Metropolitan Police to improve and was a very good man in what he did and achieved.

The eNotes Blog Got Swag Top Ten Historic PoliticalButtons

Got Swag Top Ten Historic PoliticalButtons If you think that buttons proclaiming your enthusiasm for one presidential candidate or another is a twentieth century invention, it may come as a surprise to learn that swag has been around since the time of Americas first president.   George Washingtons political buttons were made of brass; in the center were his elegant initials, circled by the words, Long Live the President. The buttons were actually buttons, and were worn on the lapels. Buttons continued to be made from brass until the invention of tintype  (also known as ferrotype or melainotype) in 1853. Tintype allowed a candidate to press an image of himself, or any other image, onto sheets of iron metal. Worn around the neck, a hole was punched into the top and a ribbon was threaded through. In 1896, a patent from The Whitehead and Hoag Company of Newark, New Jersey brought about the political pins we know today. Of course, today, temporary buttons, in the form of stickers, send the same message as their heartier cousins and are often distributed by the thousands at campaign rallies or in mass mailings. No matter what the form, though, the purpose of the campaign button has never changed: it shows other like-minded people the wearer is one of them and may help uncommitted voters be persuaded to join their cause. Here are ten memorable examples of campaigns-past: 1.   McClellan  Democrat 1864 (Tintype) 2.   William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, 1900. Prosperity at Home, Prestige Abroad. 3.   Herbert Hoover, 1928. Put Hoover On. 4.   Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Dick Nixon, 1952. Ike / Dick: Theyre For You. 5. John F. Kennedy, 1960. If I Were 21, Id Vote for Kennedy. 5. Richard M. Nixon, 1972. McGovern Cant Lick Our Dick.   (Nixon opposing George McGovern. Truly. Stop that laughing.) 6.   Gerald Ford and Robert Dole, 1976 7.   Ronald Reagan, 1980. Renew Americas Strength with Great American Values. 8.   Bill Clinton, 1992. I Still Believe in a Place Called Hope. 9. George W. Bush, 2000. Republican Dignity. 10.   Barack Obama, 2008. Yes We Can. Here at , we hope youll pin on whatever button most appeals to you and exercise your right to participate in democracy. So get offline, get IN line. GO VOTE!

On Writing Reader Response Section #2(pg80-136) essays

On Writing Reader Response Section #2(pg80-136) essays In the second assigned section of On Writing, Stephen Kings life is still being told in a memoir style. The section starts off with King finishing his explaining his high school inspirations for Carrie. One was Sondra, a social outcast who went to high school with King. When hired by the mother of Sondra to move furniture, the first thing that King noticed in the house was a graphic, near to life-like crucifix. The other girl was named Dodie. She, like Sondra, was a social outcast too. She only had 1 outfit for school and got teased for that fact. It got old, tattered, and smelly. When se finally got a new outfit after Christmas, the teasing only intensified. Both the girls ended up dying soon after high school. When King did publish Carrie, he ended up receiving two hundred thousand dollars for it; eliminating any financial worries. The book go on to describe Stephen Kings drug problems. He had started his drug addictions with alcohol on his senior trip and it ended up with him sniffing crack. He managed to beat the addictions after an intervention. After the biography ends, King goes on to the technical side of writing. It begins with a demonstration of describing details comparing it to telepathy, Then he goes on to describing the tools of writing to an actual toolbox. Important tools, like grammar and vocabulary on top and other tools such as paragraphs on the lower level. ...

Free Essays on Marijuana

Marijuana Marijuana (pot,) is one of the most widely used recreational drugs. The legalization of marijuana is one of the most controversial debates in today’s government. For years the debate to legalize this drug has grown stronger and stronger. There are various arguments for and against the legalization of marijuana. Those who are for legalization argue that marijuana is a stress reliever, it enhances creativity, and can be used for medicinal purposes. On the contrary, those who are against the legalization of marijuana argue that marijuana is a doorway drug to harsher more dangerous drugs, pot makes you stupid, and will make drugs readily available to our nation’s youth. Until its ban, pot was used for over 50,000 non-drug commercial uses including paper, textiles, fuels, food and sealants. Marijuana is also a medical herb that has hundreds of proven, valuable therapeutic uses- from stress reduction, to glaucoma to asthma to cancer therapy, etc. THC, the main active ingredient in marijuana, can be extracted and made into pill form for medical purposes. Marijuana was a major active ingredient in 40-50% of patent medicines before its ban. During the 1930’s the American media spread false stories about marijuana facts and depicted pot as an extremely dangerous drug. This caused marijuana and hemp to be effectively banned in 1938. Many say that by legalizing marijuana it will cause the crime rate to increase. In actuality legalizing marijuana would decrease the crime rate if the herb is readily available. It would eliminate the need of an underground subculture. For example, during the prohibition when alcohol was banned, the only way to obtain alcohol was through the black market. Once alcohol was legalized, distributors sold alcohol at a cheaper price, therefore driving bootleggers out of business. The same thing would happen if marijuana was legalized. Distributors would sell pot at a cheaper price and w... Free Essays on Marijuana Free Essays on Marijuana â€Å"Marijuana prohibition applies to everyone, including the sick and dying† (NORML). Marijuana has been illegal in the United States since 1937. In 1937 the United States of America passed the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, this made it illegal for anyone to possess, sell, or manufacture marijuana (Whitbread). There are many different views today on whether or not marijuana should be legalized. Many people support the idea of medicinal marijuana, the legalization of marijuana for chronically ill people. Others feel that legalizing marijuana will lead to the use of other â€Å"harder† drugs, such as heroin and cocaine, because it is viewed by many as a â€Å"gateway† drug. Since marijuana was made illegal there has been the creation of many different organizations to try to decriminalize marijuana. One major organization known as NORML, The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, â€Å"supports the removal of all penalties for the private possession and responsible use of marijuana by adults, including cultivation for personal use, and casual nonprofit transfers of small amounts† (NORML). This policy is known as decriminalization. If marijuana were decriminalized it would mean that the marijuana smoker could no longer be charged by the criminal justice system. Today in Missouri, if caught in possession with thirty-five grams or less of marijuana it is considered a misdemeanor and punishable by up to one year in jail and a fine up to one thousand dollars. Possession of greater than thirty-five grams of marijuana it is considered a felony and is punishable up to seven years in prison and a fine up to five thousand dollars. Possession of greater than thirty kilograms is considered trafficking and the penalty is five to fifteen years in prison and a fine up to twenty thousand dollars. Possession of one hundred kilograms or more carries a penalty of ten years to life in prison and a fine up to twenty thousand do... Free Essays on Marijuana Marijuana Hemp is the plant called "cannabis sativa" which is more commonly called marijuana. Marijuana has been illegal in the U.S.. ever since the Great Depression. The question we must ask ourselves is "why?" Why is a drug that has so many beneficial uses illegal? Is it because its poisoning the youth of today? Is it because it leads to harder drugs, the health problems, the addictiveness, the short-term memory impairment, the auto accidents, or is it simply because politicians tell us it is for "our own good?" We have grown up learning that marijuana is a terrible drug, and that using it gives us brain damage, kill all of our brain cells, and makes us lose our memory. The fact is though, that marijuana does not effect us in any of the ways listed above. The idea that marijuana impairs short-term memory is true, but misleading. Any signs of short-term memory impairment vanish once the user is no longer intoxicated. Mainly the reason we think marijuana is bad is because that is what the Partnership for a Drug-Free America wants us to believe. They tell us that marijuana will cause brain damage and memory impairment, it will kill brain cells, and lead to more crime. But what they forget to mention is all the benefits we can receive from legalizing marijuana. For example, the medicinal uses, and the textile and construction uses. It is very likely that legalizing marijuana would decrease the crime rate, and by legalizing marijuana we will save a lot of money because we won't have to spend it on fighting marijuana as part of the War on Drugs. There are many habits much worse than marijuana, one example being cigarette smoking. "Tobacco smoking kills more people each year than AIDS, heroin, crack, cocaine, alcohol, car accidents, fire and murder combined. Tobacco smoking is the number one cause of preventable death in the US. Tobacco smokers have 10 times the lung cancer of nonsmokers, twice the... Free Essays on Marijuana â€Å"Just say no to drugs,† a phrase we were all brought up with. It’s everywhere from our parent’s mouths to every kids love, candy boxes. Marijuana, one of the most common illegal drugs smuggled and used in the United States, is every parents nightmare. Since I can remember I was always told â€Å"drugs are bad,† and â€Å"never get mixed up with them.† At the time I was young and that was more than enough information for me so I never once questioned it, but as I grew older my curiosity began to grow along with me. I wanted to know â€Å"Why is this drug so bad?† and â€Å"What exactly are its effects on the human body?† My questions began to expand over time. â€Å"If this drug is so bad, how come almost half of America is on it, well at least that’s what it seems like in my neighborhood.† With all these unanswered questions roaming around in my head there was no question that this was the topic I was going to write my I-search paper on. I began investigating the issue at home online. I started by searching various search engines such as yahoo, excite and dogpile. The one I found to be the most resourceful was dogpile. â€Å"Marijuana: facts for teens,† was one of the web pages that contained an abundant amount of useful facts. I found it very easy to use because of its format. It contained frequently asked questions about marijuana along with scientific answers. The second step I took in locating my information was visiting the Mastic-Shirley Community Library, located in my town. In the library I stumbled upon books such as The Residual Cognitive Effects of Heavy Marijuana Use in College Students, by H.G Pope and Clinical Relevance Of Cannabis Tolerance and Dependents, by Ralph Jones These books also contained useful, relevant information such as the long term effects of marijuana. The first thing I researched was what marijuana exactly was. â€Å"Marijuana is a a green, brown or gray mixture of shredded leav... Free Essays on Marijuana Why should marijuana be legalized? Many people, old and young, everywhere in the world, partake in the activity of smoking this plant and buying paraphernalia. There are many substantial reasons to use this plant, besides for extra-curricular purposes. Marijuana should be legalized because it’s the holder of many beneficial uses including suppressing pain, raising the United States out of debt, saving millions of acres of forests, and creating jobs for many people. Through the legalization of marijuana, the U.S. could benefit immensely. Marijuana is the most widely used controlled substance in the United States. Since it is used so often, why not take the money it could create by selling it and help the economy. For every 1/8 ounce sold, the U.S. government could take 40% of the $40 or $45 with the other 60% going to the seller. The seller would have to be monitored by the government and would have to have licenses and have their crops tested for harmful fertilizers. Crime would also be affected in a positive way. Illegal drug crimes would drop, allowing the police to turn their attention to more serious problems. There is a marijuana smoker arrested every 45 seconds in the United States. Normally, they receive large fines and small jail time but repeat offenders can get up to five years. Sadly, rapists and murderers are able to get only one year. Do you really think smoking a joint is worse that raping and killing someone If marijuana were to be legalized, the jail would have room for criminals that deserve jail time for their crimes. Tax dollars that go to prosecuting and jailing these so called ‘criminals’ could go towards programs in helping inform smokers of how to do it responsibility. Drug dealers that dealt illegally would soon go out of business and drug smuggling would drop to a low. They would still sell cocaine and PCP and the other illegal drugs but they wouldn’t have the same profit that they got prior becaus... Free Essays on Marijuana Marijuana Marijuana (pot,) is one of the most widely used recreational drugs. The legalization of marijuana is one of the most controversial debates in today’s government. For years the debate to legalize this drug has grown stronger and stronger. There are various arguments for and against the legalization of marijuana. Those who are for legalization argue that marijuana is a stress reliever, it enhances creativity, and can be used for medicinal purposes. On the contrary, those who are against the legalization of marijuana argue that marijuana is a doorway drug to harsher more dangerous drugs, pot makes you stupid, and will make drugs readily available to our nation’s youth. Until its ban, pot was used for over 50,000 non-drug commercial uses including paper, textiles, fuels, food and sealants. Marijuana is also a medical herb that has hundreds of proven, valuable therapeutic uses- from stress reduction, to glaucoma to asthma to cancer therapy, etc. THC, the main active ingredient in marijuana, can be extracted and made into pill form for medical purposes. Marijuana was a major active ingredient in 40-50% of patent medicines before its ban. During the 1930’s the American media spread false stories about marijuana facts and depicted pot as an extremely dangerous drug. This caused marijuana and hemp to be effectively banned in 1938. Many say that by legalizing marijuana it will cause the crime rate to increase. In actuality legalizing marijuana would decrease the crime rate if the herb is readily available. It would eliminate the need of an underground subculture. For example, during the prohibition when alcohol was banned, the only way to obtain alcohol was through the black market. Once alcohol was legalized, distributors sold alcohol at a cheaper price, therefore driving bootleggers out of business. The same thing would happen if marijuana was legalized. Distributors would sell pot at a cheaper price and w... Free Essays on Marijuana Marijuana also reduces pain caused by AIDS and cancer and helps cure glaucoma’s. According to the National Cancer Institute, marijuana is used in alleviating side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite of chemotherapy patients. Marijuana reduces intraocular pressure in the eye for relieve from glaucoma’s. Marijuana can also ease muscle spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis. If it’s the only drug that effectively camouflages pain, then it should be used. No person should have a say in this matter unless they have experienced the pain and suffering that these people with cancer and AIDS have encountered due to their illness. Marijuana has been made out by many people to be harmful, but that is not the case. Over 2000 people die each year from the toxic effects of aspirin, and it is legal to anyone. Marijuana has never killed anyone, but yet it is not legal. Marijuana has many benefits; therefore it needs to be legal. It helps curb pain, saves forests, and would be much safer to its smokers if it were to be legalized. Alternative medicines are becoming more and more popular these days. I believe that holistic and herbal medicines are a great alternative for people who are allergic to traditional medicines. Along with safe use, people can better themselves with this secondary way of healing. I happen to use many herbal cures for everyday stressors, which over- the- counter drugs cannot help with. There is a great debate right now, concerning marijuana use for medical purposes. Before I came to the US, I have always believed that marijuana was something that people experimented with as a way to deal with their daily stress. I also felt that the use of marijuana was the harmful to a person physical and mental health. –The view in my country (Cyprus) is that marijuana is as detrimental as any other hard core drug-. However, my view about marijuana has changed dramatically over the years, not just because... Free Essays on Marijuana Marijuana†¦Legalize it? One question that has haunted Americans for a long time is â€Å"Should the use of marijuana be legalized?† Some say, â€Å"Yes†, while others say, â€Å"No†. Owning marijuana was made a criminal offence in 1937 when Congress passed the Marijuana Tax Act. Even with this new law, people continued to use the drug. Here we are years later, still without a satisfactory answer to the question. There are many reasons that marijuana should be made legal, but there are also reasons that it should not. Through out this essay, I am going to compare and contrast some of the pros and cons of the legalizing of marijuana. Many people think that the legalization of cannabis would lead to health problems, such as, the use of a harsher drug and to psychological and personality problems that can come from using marijuana. These individuals feel that the negatives of marijuana use far outweigh the positives, and feel that the use of marijuana should remain illegal. To some people marijuana is considered a â€Å"gateway† drug. Legalizing marijuana may lead to the use of much more harsh drugs. I know someone who is currently sitting in a prison on multiple drug charges. He is sentenced to eight years in a minimum-security prison. When my friends and I think back about how his life got so messed up, it’s weird to think that it started out as simple as smoking pot. Once someone experiences a â€Å"high†, they may want to experience it again, and when pot does not do the trick anymore, they may turn to stronger drugs. Many people out there have no idea what it is like to be â€Å"highâ⠂¬  so to speak. If marijuana were legalized, those people would try the drug, like it, and then perhaps move on to much more damaging drugs. Legalizing marijuana could very well cause Americans to suffer from psychological and personality problems. THC is the active chemical in marijuana that causes the user to feel â€Å"high†. This chemical is most... Free Essays on Marijuana I believe that the government cannot intervene to forbid such practices in these states, because the Constitution does not state that the states couldn’t do it. The government does not have the power to take away the states right. If it doesn’t state that the government can intervene with a state decision, then the state can do whatever it wants. Unless, the government tries to bribe them to change there ways. For example, if the government said that the state wasn’t going to get 10 million in federal funds unless the state forbids prostitution and marijuana. Of course the state would stop permitting prostitution and marijuana and take the 10 million in federal funds. It states in the 10 Amendment any power not given to the national government is then reserved to the states. Which means if there is no statement about forbidding usage of marijuana, then Alaska is free to do whatever. The national government cannot stop Alaska for permitting marijuana. If the states believe permitting marijuana is the right thing, then the state will stand by its decision. In my opinion, I believe permitting marijuana to try to cure certain diseases is a good thing. I believe if a drug had potential in curing any disease then we should allow it or try it. At least we are trying to make a difference. Instead of us just sitting there and watching people die. The bad side of the situation of the drug is that it does have side affects and people can get addicted. There are two sides of the usage of the drug. I still think it is a good idea and we should allow it. The state of Nevada should not allow prostitution. I think that is wrong and unethical. The prostitutes could be carrying a disease and infecting everyone. That type of â€Å"business† can plague the whole state. I believe the government should have the right to stop prostitution. The government should have some say so about prostitution. A state law passed in 1971 ma... Free Essays on Marijuana Daniel Chaney The people who oppose legalizing marijuana feel that marijuana is morally wrong. They feel that legalizing another drug to get high America high isn’t the answer to our drug problem. This could make our drug problem spiral out of control some law makers feel. While others feel that it could improve our drug problem. The views of how to control America’s drug problem conflicts. Both groups those for legalizing marijuana and those against it are trying to achieve the same goal. Both sides want to improve America’s drug problem, the chief impediment between the people is the way they want to do it. The groups aren’t likely to agree on a compromise because each group represents a totally opposite way to reach the goal than the other. This issue will be written in black and white with no grey area. Marijuana will be made legal or it will remain illegal. The people who want marijuana to remain illegal feel that it will add to our problem. It will make it ok to use another dangerous drug legal and easily accessible. Those who feel that marijuana should be legal, look at it as legalizing a helpful drug with untapped potential. This is why each group is so far apart, because of the differences in the definitions of the issue. I see no foreseeable agreement between the sides. Whatever the decision is made, one of the groups will be strongly opposed to the choice.... Free Essays on Marijuana Marijuana: The Friendly Weed â€Å"Marijuana, in its natural form, is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Contrary to what you may think it was not a user of the friendly weed marijuana who said this. Just the opposite; it was the (Drug Enforcement Administration) DEA’s chief administrative law judge, Francis L. Young in 1988. People around the world have been brought up to think that marijuana is this deadly, addictive, harmful drug that will turn you into a stoner at first puff. Of course, this is not true. Marijuana is a very beneficial substance that has been used to treat serious ailments for thousands of years. The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, was the first law that prohibited marijuana. Some protested it then and many more do now. Then, decades later, the Controlled Substance Act of 1970 placed all illegal and prescription drugs into five â€Å"schedules† or categories. Marijuana ended up in Schedule I, defining the substance as having: a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medicinal use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of safety for use under medical supervision. This does not apply to marijuana at all. Unfortunately, at the time the act was put into action, marijuana had been prohibited for more than thirty years. Its medical aspects put aside, marijuana was considered dangerous and addictive. However, in the 1970’s, a considerable increase in recreational users helped rediscover the medicinal purposes of marijuana. Scientists studied the health effects of marijuana and uncovered its history of helping people. Also, those who used it for simple enjoym ent, who had illnesses, discovered it’s therapeutic purposes. When word got out, people started to self-medicate. Distressingly with its Schedule I status, doctors cannot prescribe it, and medical research is severely hindered. In 1972, a petition was made to legalize marijuana for medical patients. After sixteen years of c... Free Essays on Marijuana Daily across the world millions of people are smoking marijuana. In some places this is an illegal activity, but in other places it is very acceptable. The New Encyclopedia Britannica explains, â€Å"Marijuana, also spelled Marihuana the Indian plant hemp plant, Cannabis Sativa, or the crude drug composed of its leaves and flower, usually crushed and put into pipes or formed into cigarettes for smoking†(Encyclopedia Britannica). The intoxicating chemical in pot is THC or Tetrahydrocannabinal. The use of marijuana has been practiced for thousands of years. Numerous different cultures have had their own different uses for the drug. Snyder explains, â€Å"Marihuana was probably first used as an intoxicant in India around 1000 B.C. and soon became an integral part of the Hindu culture†(www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/studies/nc/nc1b.htm). Today, the intoxicating drug marijuana is filled in our nation’s streets and homes. The majority of the pot, which co mes into the United Stat! es, comes from Mexico. But that does not mean that the drug is not grown here in the states. Rolling Stone Magazine writes that behind tobacco, Kentucky’s second biggest cash crop is marijuana. The cultivators will grow their plants throughout the year starting in spring and harvesting in the fall seasons. The plants are then cut down and hung upside down to dry. The buds off of the plant are then picked off and ready to be sold on the streets to our nation’s kids. Even though there are severe consequences for practicing this act in America, people still make a living doing it every year. These same people along with many other followers want this drug to be legalized in America today. Marijuana cannot be legalized in America for medical or social purposes. Smoking marijuana is not a safe or effective medicine. The use of any drug whether it be legal or not is not healthy for one’s body to smoke. A human body lives off of breathing o...

How do electric cooperatives impact the local, as well as the national Essay

How do electric cooperatives impact the local, as well as the national economy - Essay Example The electric cooperatives have raised the standard of living for millions of Americans and have contributed greatly to our gross domestic product. Though electric cooperatives had operated sporadically since the early 20th century in the US, by 1935 electric power was available to very few US farmers. In the United States, electric cooperatives were established to bring electric power to rural areas that were not being served by the large public utilities. The large investor owned utilities saw this as a losing venture with few customers per mile of line ("A 2005 Snapshot, 8). However, by 1941, electric cooperatives were serving 35% of the nation's rural homes ("Historical Overview"). The immediate economic impact was to bring business, manufacturing, and commerce to areas that were previously dependent on agriculture and self-sufficiency. The introduction of electricity also placed an increase demand for electrical appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, and radios. This has been extended to "Alaskan fishing villages, dairy farms in Vermont and the suburbs and exurbs in between" (NRECA). Today, the electric cooper atives in the US maintain 43% of the lines and deliver 10% of the nation's electric needs (NRECA). While the impact on the national e... They provide employment for 67,000 workers in the United States that contribute a payroll of $3 billion to the businesses and commerce of the local area of the cooperatives (NRECA). In addition to providing a direct benefit for the people who are employed in the generation and distribution of electricity, there are also indirect economic impacts. Electric cooperatives supply their businesses through local purchases of the required resources. This can be anything from computers to vehicles. This money circulates back through the local economies and generates a ripple effect through the communities. Construction of major projects, though temporary, contributes a considerable financial input to a local area during the life of the project and can have a significant effect on the local economy (Schunk 5). The economic activity from these business transactions creates local jobs for service and retail businesses. In addition to providing employment and stimulating the local economies around the country, the cooperatives contribute $1.2 billion in local, state, and federal tax revenue (NRECA). These revenues provide relief for the tax system and generate increased economic activity through the funding of federal infrastructure programs. In addition to the direct input of tax revenue, the electric cooperatives receive a smaller federal subsidy than municipal and investor owned power companies. According to Lawrence R. Klein of the University of Pennsylvania, "...all types of utilities (Investor Owned Utilities (IOUs), Municipal Owned utilities and electric cooperatives enjoy some form of subsidy" (qtd. in NRECA). However, the lower subsidy received by the co-ops is substantial and may amount to as much

Orthodox Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Orthodox Church - Essay Example Unfortunately, very little is known about the history of two brothers and it is still unclear whether Cyril was the priest or simply the deacon. From religious point of view, the liturgical innovation of Cyril was accepted only by the Eastern Church, but it was also offered to the Roman Church. Despite of the numerous controversies about the important of brother's mission to Orthodox Church, their contribution to the Slavic culture and church history cannot be underestimated. Cyril and Methodius both rendered important services to Byzantine Empire and were sent by the Emperor and the Patriarch on the responsible mission to Moravia. It is apparent that the beginnings of the Russian Christianity coincide in time with the Moravian mission of Cyril and Methodius and with the conversion of Bulgaria to Christian Church. The Byzantine culture was the most highly developed of its time and was spreading fast. The Moravian mission of Cyril and Methodius has further extended Byzantine religious and cultural influences to remote Slavic regions in the central Europe. "The real and unique greatness of the Moravian mission lies not so much in its achievements in Moravia as in the outstanding and far-reaching results beyond the Moravian border" (Ostrogorsky 3). Two brothers have created the Slavonic alphabet which made possible the development of Slavic writing and opened the new era in the cultural life of Slavic people. In addition to cultural contribution of Cyril-Methodius mission to Slavic nations, the Moravian mission should be viewed as the missionary enterprise. Byzantium was consolidating the existing relations and establishing new relations with the Slavs. Some of the historical events of that time include: the Russian attack on Constantinople (860), the request of Moravian prince Rastislav to send Byzantine missionaries to his country (863), the official acceptance of Christianity by Bulgaria (864). These events took place within the four years, however, their importance to Byzantine Empire and to the Slavs was great. Byzantine state in the sixties of the ninth century was strengthened, the military power increased, the regions of the Balkan Peninsula were reoccupied, the influence and authority of Constantinople in the Christian Church increased (Ostrogorsky 15). These developments have laid the foundation for powerful expansion of Byzantine religious and cultural influences that took plac e during the activity of Cyril and Methodius. Cyril, being one of the most remarkable personalities in Byzantine Empire, endowed with secular and theological knowledge, was the exponent of the highest aspiration of the Byzantine Church (Ostrogorsky 15). Cyril and Methodius did preach and celebrated the liturgy in Slavic language; they created the alphabet and translated the Bible into Slavic. Because they did these things, they laid the foundation for the Slavic literacy, literature, and culture. In the result of their mission, Byzantine Church became the powerful factor in the Hellenization of the Slavic world. For example, in Moravia the Byzantines preached Christianity and celebrated Mass in Slavic language, the Slavic self-consciousness was deliberately supported. Cyril and Methodius opposed the trilingual heresy - the theory that Christian Church was being expressed only in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. Notably, the intensive research of the